Prepared by syracuse research corporation under contract 68c80004. Crvi docket epahqord201403 environmental working group is a research and advocacy nonprofit organization working to protect our nations waters from pollution and ensure safe drinking water for all americans. Environmental protection agency epa, in order of priority, a list of hazardous substances. Uranium naturally occurs in nearly all rocks and soils, with average intakes from food of 0. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry wikipedia. Elemental chromium has a cas registry number of 7440473. Integrated risk information system iris april 2010 note. Xray absorption spectroscopy examination of cr, co, and cu. The trivalent chromium will eventually be precipitated as cr2o3xh2o.
The toxicity of uranium is mainly due to chemical damage to the kidneys or respiratory tract, with adverse effect levels varying depending on the particular. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of analytical methods, but to identify wellestablished methods that are used as the standard methods of analysis. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors. Therefore, in surface water rich in organic content, hexavalent chromium will exhibit a much shorter lifetime callahan et al. This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about chromium. Review of carcinogenicity of hexavalent chrome and. The agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for mercury. Toxicological profiles tox profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Database for reproductive and developmental effects key points. In 2005, the agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr issued a toxicological profile for tungsten, identifying several data gaps in the hazard assessment of tungsten. Chromium cr is a metallic element belonging to the first transitional series of the periodic table.
Both hexavalent chromium compounds and nonhexavalent chromium compounds are recognized by the association of occupational and environmental clinics aoec as asthmagens. Chromium vi at high levels can damage the nose and can cause cancer. Atsdr evaluation of health effects of tungsten and. Inhalation cancer risk assessment of hexavalent chromium based on updated mortality for painesville chromate production workers. For more information on radiation, see appendix d and the glossary, chapter 10, at the end of this profile or. A toxicological profile for xylene, draft for public comment was released in september 2005. A toxicological perspective prepared for the groundwater resources association emerging contaminants symposium february, 2014 research project funded by the cr 6 panel of the american chemistry council. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact.
Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in the united states. A toxicological profile for toxaphene was released in august 1994. The most common forms are chromium 0, chromium iii, and chromium vi. Us department of health and human services, public health service. The agency maintains a toxic substances portal that compiles all of the agencys toxicology information and allows users to search by chemical. Chromium iii update statement toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. Considerations and procedures in the derivation of atsdr. Chronic exposure to particulate chromate induces premature. Chromium has been found at 1,036 of the 1,591 national priority list sites identified by the environmental protection agency epa. Analytical methods toxicological profile for chromium.
Atsdr evaluation of the health effects of zinc and. All atsdr toxicological profile pdf files are electronic conversions from paper copy or other electronic ascii text files. Pdf windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the. This edition supersedesany previously released draft or final profile. Mortality and incidence of tumours among ferrochromium workers.
This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the hazardous substance described here. Aug, 2018 chromium toxicity is a condition caused by excess amounts of chromium in the body. Atsdr has adopted the position that mrls will not be derived from serious health effects. The combination of the increased concern regarding selenium toxicity and the reduction in the selenium rda indicated to atsdr that an agency reevaluation of selenium from a toxicological perspective is warranted. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs. The comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act cercla 42 u.
Simple and effective approaches for the sensitive and selective detection of metal ions are required. Menkes disease is explained by a deficiency of copper and wilson disease is characterized by excessive copper content in the body. Chromium toxicological overview toxicological overview summary of health effects the toxicity of chromium depends on the oxidation state, chromium vi being more toxic than the trivalent form chromium iii. Atsdr also publishes toxfaqs, toxguides, and public health statements, which summarize the health information in toxicological profiles for use by the general public and health professionals. Chromium vi, which is the subject of this study, is scarce in the nature and mainly produced in industrial sites. Overview agency for toxic substances and disease registry. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, andor monitoring chromium compounds, their metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure to chromium compounds. Agency for toxic substances and disease registrys 1997. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry division of toxicologytoxicology information branch. A primary risk factor for chromium toxicity is the exposure environment. Studies with reprodev loaels that are lower than ntp noaels are of lower quality and of questionable utility for risk assessment 3.
Chromium vi is a strong oxidants which is highly corrosive and carcinogenic 1,2,3. In addition, chromium vi is the more readily absorbed by both inhalation and oral routes. Prepared under contract number 205930606chemical managersauthors. A combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors contributes to adverse effects on the reproductive health in men. Chromium is a transition element with the chemical symbol cr and atomic number 24 that belongs to group 6 of the periodic table. No taste or odor is associated with chromium compounds.
As part of its mandate, the agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act cercla national priorities list npl sites, which have the greatest public health impact. For more information on radiation, see appendix d and the glossary, chapter 10, at the end of this profile or the atsdr toxicological profile for ionizing radiation. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr toxicological profile for chlorinated dibenzopdioxins cdds. Hexavalent chromium is a strong oxidizing agent and may react with organic matter or other reducing agents to form trivalent chromium. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. United states marine corps base camp lejeune, north carolina, u. Used in paints and inks, ceramics, and in textile dyeing. Recent reports including national institute for occupational safety and health niosh have reflected recent research findings in the areas of epidemiology, risk assessment, and. Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. Volatile organic compounds in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome. Chromium is present in the environment in several different forms.
This document is a reassessment of the noncancer and cancer health effects associated with the oral route of exposure and includes a mode of action analysis. Reprodev noaels in ntp studies provide sufficient data for risk assessment 2. The uses of chromium compounds depend on the valency of chromium, where trivalent cr iii compounds are used for dietary cr supplementation and. According to the atsdr, the oral minimal risk levels mrls for daily exposure to cobalt, copper, and chromium are 0. Chromium toxicity is a condition caused by excess amounts of chromium in the body. Atsdrtp88io toxicological profile for chromium date published july 1989 prepared by. Chromium agency for toxic substances and disease registry, 4770 buford hwy ne, atlanta, ga 30341 contact cdc. Environmental protection agency epa technical editingdocument preparation by. Atsdr toxicological profile, coal ash in context total average daily arsenic exposure from food 0. An update toxicological profile for trichloroethylene was released in april 1993. One curie is the amount of radioactive material in which 37 billion atoms transform every second. Chromic sulfate is a dark green to violet crystalline material.
Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects. Atsdr agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Its main uses are in stainless steel production, chrome plating, anticorrosive and refractory applications, as a pigment in paints and dyes, and in leather tanning barnhart, 1997. The original guidelines were published in the federal register on april 17, 1987p. Chromium iii occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact atsdr at. The original guidelines were published in the federal register on april 17, 1987.
Hexavalent chromium crvi is a metal widely used in. Atsdr evaluation of health effects of tungsten and relevance. Department of health and human services, public health service, agency for toxic substances and disease registry, atlanta, georgia, 1997j. We are submitting comments on the environmental protection agencys preliminary materials for. A final toxicological profile for uranium has been made available online by atsdr. The chemical abstracts service cas registry numbers for trivalent and hexavalent chromium are 16065833 and 18540299, respectively. A toxicological profile for chromium, draft for public comment was released in september 2008. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. Chromium cr is a type of heavy metal that is used in many industrial applications. For more information, you may call the atsdr information center at 18884228737.
Apr 20, 2016 the agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for mercury. Department of health and human services, public health service. This information is important because this substance may harm you. Chemical and physical information toxicological profile. However, excessive intake of cobalt and chromium can cause harmful side effects such as severe cardiovascular or respiratory conditions and cancer agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr, 2019a, b, c.
The primary sources of hexavalent chromium in the atmosphere are chromate chemicals used as rust inhibitors in cooling towers and emitted as mists, particulate matter emitted during manufacture and use of metal chromates, and chromic acid mist from the plating industry atsdr, 1993. Toxic substances and disease registry atsdr and the environmental protection agency epa. Department of health and human services public health service agency for toxic substances and disease registry september 2003. Hexavalent chromium crvi is a metal widely used in industry because of its hardness, anticorrosive properties and bright colored salts. Although cigarette smoking accounts for most cases, about 9%15% of cases can be attributed to environmental and occupational exposures such as asbestos, tar, soot, radiation, and metals alberg and samet, 2003. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile.
A toxicological profile for benzene, draft for public comment was released in august 2005. We are submitting comments on the environmental protection agencys preliminary materials for the. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr and the environmental protection agency epa. The atsdr toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for the toxic substances each profile describes. Atsdr minimal risk levels and worksheets toxicological. It is used in various chemical, industrial and manufacturing applications such as wood preservation and metallurgy.
Inhalation cancer risk assessment of hexavalent chromium. Exposure to chromium occurs from ingesting contaminated food or drinking water or breathing contaminated workplace air. Hexavalent chromium in air eventually reacts with dust. Xray absorption spectroscopy examination of cr, co, and.
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